8/12/2023 0 Comments Iodine absorption spectrum![]() Ara Apkarian, Everyly Fleischer, and Kenneth C. These line proles, however, are often subject to various broadening mechanisms, which limit spectral resolution and precision of the measurements. Reference: Spectroscopic Signatures of Halogens in Clathrate Hydrate Cages. Absorption spectra of molecular iodine enable the study of its discrete vibrational energy bands over microwave and optical laser wavelengths. These observations are shown to be consistent with a strong interaction between a water molecule and iodine through the loan pair of electrons on water as in the case of bromine in the same media. In contrast, in water and in ice, the valence absorption band of I 2 is dramatically broadened and blue-shifted by 3000 cm -1. We conclude that iodine in sII hydrate resides in a 5 126 4 cavity, in which the ground-state I 2 potential is not significantly perturbed by the hydrate lattice. This is mainly ascribed to the differential solvation of the I 2 electronic states. (In the gas phase or in some inert solvent iodine has a violet color, not rose). UV-visible absorption spectrum of iodine in sII hydrate exhibits a relatively large, 1440 cm -1, blue shift. ![]() The process is reversible and the yellow iodine/THF/water solution turns rose again upon clathrate hydrate formation below 4.40 C. Calibration and assignments Semantic Scholar DOI: 10.1016/0030-4018 (81)90384-9 Corpus ID: 122245439 The iodine absorption spectrum around 5915. The rose-colored clathrate turns yellow as it decomposes. The iodine absorption spectrum around 5915. The figure shows the remarkable color change upon melting of the I 2 doped THF clathrate hydrate. The iodine concentration was always less than one percent of the hydrate forming molecule, and more typically 0.1 percent. We chose again to make double sII hydrate using the clathrate forming molecules THF, CH 2Cl 2 and CHCl 3 with iodine as a second guest. Even though iodine does not stabilize the clathrate hydrate lattice by itself, it has the appropriate diameter to fit into the 5 126 4 cages of sII structure. Iodine molecule is another halogen that is widely used as a probe of local environment. The THF or CH 2Cl 2 molecules occupy most of the larger cages, but in this study a small fraction of the large cages is occupied by bromine molecules(Section (B) on the above figure shows THF hydrate doped with bromine. Also, we studied low concentrations of trapped bromine molecules in type II hydrate cages formed with either tetrahydrofuran (THF,C 4H 8O) or methylene chloride (CH 2Cl 2) as the principle hydrate-former guest molecule. It may be used in first aid for minor cuts, burns, abrasions and blisters. Compression and End Gas Temperatures from Iodine Absorption Spectra. To circumvent this issue, we make thin films of polycrystalline bromine clathrate hydrate and study them at temperatures where the halogen vapor pressure is negligible. Povidone-iodine is a broad spectrum antiseptic for topical application in the treatment and prevention of wound infection. Chen S.K., Beck N.J., Uyehara O.A., Myers P.S. The halogen clathrate hydrates optical density in a pure crystal is extremely high. Reference: Spectroscopic Signatures of Halogens in Clathrate Hydrate Cages. In the clathrate hydrates, the oxygen lone-pair orbitals are all involved in the hydrogen-bonded water lattice and are thus unavailable to interact with the halogen guest molecule. The shift and broadening in water and ice is due to the strong interaction of the water lone-pair orbitals with the halogen ó* orbital. For example, the absorption bands shift by about 360 cm -1 for bromine in large 5 126 4 cages of type II clathrate, by about 900 cm -1 for bromine in 5 126 2 cages of pure bromine hydrate, and by more than 1700 cm -1 for bromine in liquid water or amorphous ice. Here we use Uv-visible absorption spectroscopy to track changes in absorption spectra for halogens from the gas phase to clathrate hydrate environment and to liquid water/amorphous ice. Similarly, they are often used to observe how the local environment affects electronic structure, for example, in noble gas matrices, solvents,or microporous SiO 2. They serve as model systems for nonlinear optical studies, energy transfer studies, and cluster studies. 430-432).UV-VIS ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY OF HALOGEN CLATHRATE HYDRATESĭihalogen molecules are often employed as spectroscopic model systems due to their intense optical spectra and relatively easily assignable orbital symmetries. Compare all of your results with literature values (See, for example, reference.Save a copy of this graph (or take a screenshot) for your ELN. This is the README from the set of files used to run Forkeys iodine absorption spectrum code. The two Morse potentials will be plotted on one graph and the vibrational quantum levels will be shown for both ground and excited states.
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8/12/2023 0 Comments Pomelo vs grapefruit differences![]() Very few times they are lightly serrated. The leaves are big and broad, but less than in the pomelo.The petiole has huge, heart shaped wings.Subtle differences: pomelo (left) & lemon (right). The edges are lightly serrated (less than the leaves of the lemon tree).Its leaves are the biggest and broadest.Being able to distinguish them requires a trained eye, as the devil in in the details. So… Citrus trees are a crazy, very alike family. Besides, there are a few more non-hybrid citrus trees in the wildness. Citrus reticulata: They are the tangerines and such.īear in mind that this is a very simplistic explanation, as there are countless varieties and sometimes it’s not clear what species dominates in the hybridization.Limes ( Citrus x aurantifolia), bitter oranges ( Citrus x aurantium) and sweet organges ( Citrus x sinensis), are Citrus maxima hybrids as well. It’s sometimes misidentified with the grapefruit, which is a hybrid ( Citrus x paradisi). Lemon trees ( Citrus x limon) are cider hybrids. According to the classification proposed by Mabberley, there are only three natural species, and all varieties are cultivars of these three: It’s fairly hard to characterize the Citrus genus because they hybridize pretty easily among themselves and this has resulted in numerous edible and non-edible varieties. But you will impress your little gardener friends with this pill of botanic knowledge because… who knows how to tell which citrus tree is it without looking at the fruit? Just a few botany freaks.īefore getting into the little differences among them, it’s good to know that the Citrus genus are a group of little trees (5-10 m), evergreen and with acid fruits native of Asia. 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8/12/2023 0 Comments Vice president mike pence twitter![]() Pence’s team sees Iowa and its evangelical Christian voters as critical to his potential path to victory. Pence, who describes himself as “a Christian, a conservative and a Republican, in that order,” has spent months laying the groundwork for an expected run, holding events in early voting states like Iowa, South Carolina and New Hampshire, visiting churches, delivering policy speeches and courting donors. should offer more support to Ukraine against Russian aggression, while admonishing “Putin apologists” in the party unwilling to stand up to the Russian leader. He has argued that changes to Social Security and Medicare, like raising the age for qualification, should be on the table to keep the programs solvent – which both Trump and DeSantis have opposed – and criticized DeSantis for his escalating feud with Disney. Pence has warned against the growing populist tide in the party, and advisers see him as the only traditional, Reagan-style conservative in the race.Ī staunch opponent of abortion rights, Pence supports a national ban on the procedure and has campaigned against transgender-affirming policies in schools. While he frequently lauds the accomplishments of the “Trump-Pence administration,” a Pence nomination in many ways would be a return to positions long associated with the Republican establishment but abandoned as Trump reshaped the party in his image. ![]() Ron DeSantis polling consistently in second, Pence supporters see a lane for a reliable conservative who espouses many of the previous administration’s policies but without the constant tumult. While Trump is currently leading the early fight for the nomination, with Florida Gov. He made his candidacy official Monday with the Federal Election Commission. Pence, the nation's 48th vice president, will formally launch his bid for the Republican nomination with a video and kickoff event in Des Moines, Iowa, on Wednesday, which is his 64th birthday, according to people familiar with his plans. 8/12/2023 0 Comments Purple martin arrival mapĪll these martins undoubtedly impacted on Colonial insect populations, primarily ants, bees, dragonflies, moths, butterflies, flies, beetles, and stink bugs. Even John James Audubon chose to depict long-winged Purple Martins nesting in an old gourd hung in a tree (above left). Indeed, Purple Martins are prodigious eaters of flying arthropods-a behavior noted by early European immigrants who expanded the Indian tradition by putting up wooden houses and both clay and natural gourds. Purple Martins returned the favor for indigenous people, reportedly chasing crows away from plots of corn and eating insects that might devour the crop. Nesting near humans could have become "fixed behavior" in eastern martins because nests near Indian settlements were likely more successful when potential predators didn't wander into villages to take martin eggs or chicks. This penchant for "unnatural" cavities was well known to Native Americans, who grew gourds and hung them around their villages and agricultural fields. Interestingly, the western subspecies tends to nest in natural cavities such as hollow trees and old woodpecker holes, but here in the East our Purple Martins nest almost exclusively in artificial structures such as apartment houses we humans build and erect. All these birds depart in early autumn and overwinter in South America. ![]() A western counterpart is restricted primarily to the Pacific Coast from Vancouver to Baja California and into western Mexico. to the Rocky Mountains and throughout southern Canada as far west as British Columbia (see map at page bottom). The eastern subspecies breeds in Cuba and across the eastern U.S. Purple Martins, Progne subis, are the largest North American members of the Swallow Family (Hirundinidae), reaching 7" from tip of bill to end of tail. Many of these folks fail at their goal for any number of reasons: The nesting structures are erected too late in the season, they're placed in inappropriate habitats, gourds or apartments are poorly maintained, indiscriminate use of pesticides kills or contaminates local insect populations, or-heaven forbid-a flock of invasive European Starlings usurps the martin houses. Each year, hundreds of thousands-maybe millions-of North American bird lovers put little white duplexes and hollowed-out gourds on the tops of tall poles in the hope of enticing martins to take up residence. The Purple Martin is one of those birds that has almost mythic status among backyard bird enthusiasts. At long last and with some effort, we finally erected a Purple Martin high-rise on the pier at Hilton Pond. One cavity-nesting bird we've always coveted but never accommodated is the Purple Martin, so in 2005 we decided to go all-out in trying to attract this aerobatic insect-eater. With the loss of natural habitats and old trees, cavity nesters everywhere have it tough these days, so we do what we can to erect as many nest boxes as possible. Of these, Wood Duck hens annually lay eggs and fledge young from large boxes along the edge of Hilton Pond, while Carolina Chickadees, Tufted Titmice, Brown-headed Nuthatches, House Wrens, Carolina Wrens, and Eastern Bluebirds have used boxes actually intended for the latter. Several nesting species have taken advantage of artificial cavities-i.e., nest boxes we've erected on trees, poles, and fence posts. ![]() During our 23-plus years at Hilton Pond Center, we've found nests for 24 bird species for another 39 we've captured and banded females with active or recent incubation patches that imply breeding on-site or nearby. 8/12/2023 0 Comments Bryce canyon hotels![]() (Total: 167 miles (269 km) - 3 hours, 53 minutes)ĭirections from Bryce Canyon National Park to Grand Canyon South Rim: Take Highway 63 south into Bryce Canyon National Park. Continue on Highway 89 north to Highway 12. Take Highway 89 north through Page, AZ and Kanab, UT. Take Highway 67 north out of the North Rim. (Total 167 miles (269 km) - 3 hours, 53 minutes)ĭirections from Grand Canyon North Rim to Bryce Canyon National Park: Take Highway 67 south directly to the North Rim. Take Highway 89 through Kanab, UT and Page, AZ continuing south to Highway 67. We've gathered driving directions, maps, popular hiking and activities and camping & lodging information for Bryce Canyon National Park all in one place.ĭriving Directions to and from Grand Canyon National Park and Bryce Canyon National Park:ĭirections from Bryce Canyon National Park to Grand Canyon North Rim: We've made it easy to plan a side-trip from the Grand Canyon to Bryce Canyon National Park in southern Utah. Just under 4 hours from the Grand Canyon North Rim to Bryce Canyon National Park, the opportunity to see at least two National Parks in one to two days is one that's not to be missed. We encourage you to join in and make Bryce Canyon National Park a part of your Grand Canyon vacation. Over 1 million visitors come to Bryce each year. These famous spires, called "hoodoos," are formed when ice and rainwater wear away the weak limestone that makes up the Claron Formation. It is the uniqueness of the rocks that caused Bryce Canyon to be designated as a national park. Because Bryce transcends 2000 feet (650 m) of elevation, the park exists in three distinct climatic zones: spruce/fir forest, Ponderosa Pine forest, and Pinyon Pine/juniper forest.īryce Canyon, well-known for its unique geology, consists of a series of horseshoe-shaped amphitheaters carved from the eastern edge of the Paunsaugunt Plateau in southern Utah. Bryce Canyon National Park is a scientist's laboratory and a child's playground. He has offered them rewards and asylum in France.īetancourt was kidnapped in 2002 while campaigning for Colombia’s presidency, and French President Nicolas Sarkozy has pushed hard for her release.The famous hoodoos of Bryce Canyon are akin to castle spires crowning this desert canyon. ![]() Uribe says some commanders have already contacted the government to offer to surrender with hostages, including Betancourt. ![]() He refuses but has offered a smaller zone. The FARC freed six hostages earlier this year but attempts to reach a deal over more kidnap victims are deadlocked over rebel demands that Uribe demilitarize an area the size of New York City in southern Colombia to start talks. contract workers, they say they want to exchange for jailed guerrilla fighters. The FARC still holds scores of hostages, including French-Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt and three U.S. The FARC, which now has around 9,000 fighters, remains a potent subversive force in some rural parts of the country aided by funds gained from participating in the cocaine trade.īut it is widely unpopular, especially in the cities, and Uribe has won broad support for his tough military campaign against the rebels. Cano, 59, is known as a more of a political leader than a military strategist and entered the FARC as a student activist. in the arms of his companion,” Jimenez said, dressed in combat fatigues and standing before a Colombian flag in an unknown location.Īlfonso Cano, already a member of its seven-man leadership, will replace Marulanda as its chief, the FARC said. “Our maximum leader, Manuel Marulanda Velez, died of a heart attack on March 26. Nicknamed “Sureshot” by his rebel comrades, Marulanda organized the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC, as a communist-inspired army in 1964, and his death is the heaviest setback in its history.Ĭolombia’s military said on Saturday that intelligence sources showed Marulanda died in late March, and the news was confirmed by rebel commander Timoleon Jimenez in a video played on Venezuelan-based television channel Telesur on Sunday. The top commander of Colombia's FARC rebel group, Manuel Marulanda known as "Sureshot," is dead, a government source said on May 24, 2008. Colombian commander Manuel "Sureshot" Marulanda Velez (L) of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) walks in Villa Colombia camp near San Vicente del Caguan, Caqueta province, in this Apfile photo. ![]() Moreover, take advantage of our free consultation by contacting us today. Fill out our form on this page or call us. Also, it is best to consult savvy Houston Traffic Ticket Lawyers. Houston Traffic Ticket Lawyers Can Help You Handle Traffic Violationsįurthermore, if you have never had a traffic violation before, you may not know how to handle the situation best. Besides, Texas traffic lawyers know the latest traffic laws in your county. Furthermore, the benefit of hiring a Houston traffic attorney is that it saves you time from going to court. They are handling high volumes of cases a day. 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GLFW_USE_HYBRID_HPG determines whether to export the NvOptimusEnablement and AmdPowerXpressRequestHighPerformance symbols, which force the use of the high-performance GPU on Nvidia Optimus and AMD PowerXpress systems. On CMake 3.15 and later you can set the standard CMake CMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY variable instead of this GLFW-specific option. When enabled, the DLL version of the Visual C++ library is used. USE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY_DLL determines whether to use the DLL version or the static library version of the Visual C++ runtime library. GLFW_VULKAN_STATIC determines whether to use the Vulkan loader linked directly with the application. This is enabled by default if Doxygen is found by CMake during configuration. GLFW_BUILD_DOCS determines whether the GLFW documentation is built along with the library. GLFW_BUILD_TESTS determines whether the GLFW test programs are built along with the library. GLFW_BUILD_EXAMPLES determines whether the GLFW examples are built along with the library. This is disabled by default, producing a static GLFW library. The build directory is created if it doesn't already exist.Ĭmake -S path/to/glfw -B path/to/build -D BUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ONīUILD_SHARED_LIBS determines whether GLFW is built as a static library or as a DLL / shared library / dynamic library. To make a build directory, pass the source and build directories to the cmake command. ![]() Generating files with the CMake command-line tool Once you have generated the project files or makefiles for your chosen development environment, move on to Compiling the library. To use Wayland instead, set the GLFW_USE_WAYLAND option in the GLFW section of the variable list, then apply the new value as described above. The variable list will be populated after the first configure step.īy default GLFW will use X11 on Linux and other Unix-like systems other than macOS. If you wish change any CMake variables in the list, press Configure and then Generate to have the new values take effect. Start the CMake GUI and set the paths to the source and build directories described above. They also allow you to have several build directories for different configurations all using the same source tree.Ī common pattern when building a single configuration is to have a build directory named build in the root of the source tree. Out-of-tree builds are recommended as they avoid cluttering up the source tree. If these are the same, it is called an in-tree build, otherwise it is called an out-of-tree build. the path to the directory where the generated build files and compiled binaries will be placed.the path to the root directory of the GLFW source tree (not its src subdirectory).Once you have all necessary dependencies it is time to generate the project files or makefiles for your development environment. Once you have the required depdendencies, move on to Generating build files with CMake. Pkg install wayland libxkbcommon wayland-protocols kf5-extra-cmake-modules On Debian and derivates like Ubuntu and Linux Mint the xorg-dev meta-package pulls in the development packages for all of X11. They are not needed to build or run programs that use GLFW. To compile GLFW for X11, you need to have the X11 development packages installed. The C/C++ development environments in Visual Studio, Xcode and MinGW come with all necessary dependencies for compiling GLFW, but on Unix-like systems like Linux and FreeBSD you will need a few extra packages.ĭependencies for X11 on Unix-like systems It may be a useful companion to this one. The CMake project has their own much more detailed CMake user guide that includes everything in this guide not specific to GLFW. If you are on a Unix-like system such as Linux, FreeBSD or Cygwin or have a package system like Fink, MacPorts or Homebrew, you can install its CMake package.ĬMake is a complex tool and this guide will only show a few of the possible ways to set up and compile GLFW. ![]() If you are on Windows and macOS you can download CMake from their site. To compile GLFW, first generate these files with CMake and then use them to compile the GLFW library. GLFW uses CMake to generate project files or makefiles for your chosen development environment. If you are already familiar with this from other projects, you may want to focus on the Installing dependencies and CMake options sections for GLFW-specific information. Using CMake Note GLFW behaves like most other libraries that use CMake so this guide mostly describes the basic configure/generate/compile sequence. For information on how to build applications that use GLFW, see Building applications. This is about compiling the GLFW library itself. |
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